Executive function is a set of cognitive processes for goal-directed behavior. Which are examples of deficits?

Executive function is a set of cognitive processes for goal-directed behavior. Which are examples of deficits?

• A. The ability to recall autobiographical memories
• B. A set of cognitive processes for goal-directed behavior: planning, inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility; deficits occur in ADHD, TBI, schizophrenia.
• C. The speed of sensory processing
• D. The alignment of behavior with social norms

Answer: (C)

Executive function encompasses planning, inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility—the mental operations that support goal-directed behavior. A deficit shows up as trouble organizing tasks, sticking to a plan, keeping track of steps, inhibiting impulsive responses, or shifting strategies when needed. These impairments are commonly observed in ADHD, traumatic brain injury, and schizophrenia. Among the options, the one that explicitly names this cluster of processes and notes that deficits occur in these conditions best fits what an executive-function deficit looks like. The others point to autobiographical memory, sensory-processing speed, or social-norm alignment—domains that are not the core executive functions themselves, even though EF can influence behavior in social contexts. In short, deficits in planning, inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility best illustrate executive-function impairment.

Executive function encompasses planning, inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility—the mental operations that support goal-directed behavior. A deficit shows up as trouble organizing tasks, sticking to a plan, keeping track of steps, inhibiting impulsive responses, or shifting strategies when needed. These impairments are commonly observed in ADHD, traumatic brain injury, and schizophrenia. Among the options, the one that explicitly names this cluster of processes and notes that deficits occur in these conditions best fits what an executive-function deficit looks like. The others point to autobiographical memory, sensory-processing speed, or social-norm alignment—domains that are not the core executive functions themselves, even though EF can influence behavior in social contexts. In short, deficits in planning, inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility best illustrate executive-function impairment.